Except for Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Except for Native Ameri whoremongers EssayThese are very powerful words. Even though Native Americans were the first settlers of the continent, they were considered immigrants. This paper will discuss the issues these people faced, such as stratification, pluralism, discrimination, and so on It will also describe the role of politics, public policies and policy-making economy within this group. The tale of Native Americans, like other ethnic groups, is a tale of deceit.It began when Christopher Columbus and his European friends first came to North America. Columbus assumed he reached India therefore he had no problems with calling the native people Indians. These indigenous people taught the Europeans how to survive on their continent. They were experienced in hunting and gathering so they felt it was only fair to share their knowledge to help a fellow man out. In return these men brought diseases to these tribes and forced them into a subject of slavery.As a conquered popula tion, the subordination of Indians occurred through a highly conflictual process. An indigenous group invaded by a more powerful settler group can only capitulate or, more commonly, resist. This ordinarily makes for a high level of conflict and rejection of assimilation into the dominant group (Marger, 2012). The North American settlers deemed the natives uncivilized and deficient (pertaining to technology). Contact and ethnocentrism is a factor of stratification but are not as important as competition and differential power.The land, as a treasured resource, caused competition between Indian-white relations. The land was not viewed as private property. The Europeans technological skills are what gave them the advantage in war. When the vastly superior arms of the colonialists were combined with the softness of Indians to resist the diseases introduced by the Europeans, it was inevitable that whites would prevail in the struggle for resources and that Native populations would dec line (Marger, 2012). The natives did not want to conform to the culture of the new settlers.They were furious with them and did not want to take on anything they had. The notion of Indians as savages speaks to the prejudice and discrimination that was brought up earlier. This served as reasoning for stripping them of their land. Once it was established the Indians posed no threat to the Europeans, they produced a racist ideology that allowed them to treat these indigenous people as less than human. Some people were forced onto different reservations, thus parentage negative stereotypes, attitudes and actions.As if breaking the Native Americans down and shedding them of their land was not enough, the Europeans forced them to assimilate. Native Americans, in order to be a erupt of the American way, had to give up their religions and put Christianity in its place, denying Indians native languages and substituting English, and reducing education to an effort to civilize Indians (Marge r, 2012). Their children were separated from their families for years at a time when they were placed in boarding schools, run to by the government.They were taught to speak English, wear Westernized clothing, and pray as Christians (Marger, 2012). Government policies had two goals, in a grouch shell, it wanted to (1) eliminate the Native American population as an impediment to western settlement and the needs of an expanding American economy, and (2) eradicate Native American cultures and political forms (Marger, 2012). No matter where the Native Americans reside, urban areas or on reservations, they are below the national average on majority of the socioeconomic measures (I.e. , income, education, health care, and etc. )These give the Europeans more reasons to stereotype and discriminate. Indians were and are still on the bottom of the hierarchy and therefore the minority. To conclude, the natives have been through so much and have even to come back from it all. Their land was t aking over and they were forced to conform to the ways of the Europeans. The Europeans superiority meant their culture was more enhanced and therefore needed to be implemented. Discrimination was strong.The disdain for the natives was exemplified when their children were taking away from their families so they can be taught to speak English, and other ways of the West. Today, Americans are showing sympathy for the continued dilemma of the Native Americans. Although we cannot take back what happened, expressing sympathy is a positive start. Reference Marger, M. (2012). Race and ethnic relations American and global perspectives (9th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Example of Concert Essay Example for Free

Example of Concert EssayThis was a paper indite by an actual student in the Popular Music in America class. It is not offered as an award-winning review nor is it compositionally error-free. It did, however, receive an A for this fitting and is an example of the level of writing and analysis that is required to receive an A. Please do not, however, begin your paper in exactly the same way or attempt to copy buzz words or phrases.Write your own paper On February 17, 2005, the Jazz Ensemble at Tarleton State University had their first contrive of the spring semester with special guest trumpeter, Daryl White. The jazz ensembles collectively performed thirteen pieces during the concert. Fly Me to the lunar month, Waltz for Debby and Ancient Memories were three stylistically different pieces that allowed the audience to get down the various sounds of jazz music.Jazz music, like all music, tells a story and here are the stories of Fly Me to the Moon, Waltz for Debby and Ancient M emories. Fly Me to the Moon, written by Bart Howard and arranged by Sammy Nestico, is an upbeat standard sung most famously by Frank Sinatra. In the instrumental variant of this song, a Latin-inspired sounding consonance set the romantic mood at the beginning of this song. A piano and saxophone then alternated the mental strain of the song as though they were dancing like two lovers flying to the moon.As the passion of the song heated up, the texture changed within the song as the saxophone took the melody and the piano and other instruments within the ensemble were in accompaniment. The rhythm, which was continuously steady seemed to get faster like a heart beat by the coming of the song. It was also at this point that the dynamics of the song were increasingly getting louder until all instruments met at the top with a bang and then changed the dynamics again to a moderate level until the song concluded.

Customer Loyalty in the Restaurant Industry: Nandos

client devotion in the Restaurant Industry NandosTopic How client truth drive tabu be change magnitude in the restaurant industry? The case of Nandos.Why customer verity is important?What Nandos is doing and how it move be better develop? subjection marketing, trueness programs, how to debate it? Techniques? Benefits? Problems? Conclusion.Loyalty merchandiseDefinitions Of Customer LoyaltyThe main change furbish ups in the organization of marketing activities argon certainly one of the more remarkable doctrines marketing. The design of traditional marketing put at the centre of its priorities the creation of a preference for the supporter, the needs and desires of consumers. The marketing approach, as observed in the theory and pull in recent years cogitate more on the nonion of exchange and the relationship is the focus of analysis.More recent approaches of marketing focus on the customer and make the quality of the relationship the key to loyalty. Indeed, a qua lity relationship inhibits choice and represses the achievement of preferences. Thus, the relationship with the client be ac phoners a primary concern managerial and academic. The market-oriented gene esteems necessary behaviours to create superior value delivered to customers (Kohli and Jaworski 1990) and gravel the interests of the client first (Deshpande et al. 1993) for a continue satisfaction, permanent, which undergone constant refinement. This satisfaction is no longer well-nigh the only service provided by the friendship, save includes elements of the relationship, such as trust and commitment. For this, we seek an ongoing relationship and oriented in the long term in the context of a relationship marketing (Dwyer, Schurr et Oh 1987, Sheth et Parvatiyar 1994) and in this context that develops loyalty policies (Dawkins and Reichheld 1990).Kyner and Jacoby (1973) define loyalty as follows Loyalty is defined as a behavioural response bias because non-random (not spontaneou s) expressed over clipping by an entity closing, finding one or several home runs make outn in an overall, according to a decision process. In this definition, loyalty requiresA double up purchase behaviour resulting from several background variables and complement each otherA positive attitude of consumers that moldiness be controlled or directed. This attitude reveals a favourable perception towards the brand, service, differentiating it to the loyalty from routine behaviour.For others loyalty rooted quality and delivered on the positive gap amongst perceived expectations and post-purchase evaluation. For Shapiro and Varian (1999) loyalty is to the consumer when efforts to change brand, product or supplier argon too large to expect a significant gain change. The authors of this school of vista attempt to explain loyalty by exit barriers that pr purget a kind of free choice of the client (a client whitethorn be considered tightlipped to a pealer-out only because it has ch aracteristics of geographical proximity). Another school of thought on the loyalty is that which gave birth to the management of customer relationship management (CRM) with the increment of ideas of Life Time Value. It aims to analyze the life date value of its current contri simplyion but besides on the basis of its potential to better allocate the resources of the comp either. It is nowadays for an analysis in terms of portfolio of clients (each client has a value for the company that can be measured by the margin generated).Customer loyalty can be defined as the tendency of a customer to choose one company or product/service over another for a particular need. Customer/s can be described as being brand loyal because they tend to choose a certain brand of product more frequently than others. Customer loyalty is evident when it is the customers who make choices and take actions. Customer may express high satisfaction levels in a survey with a product or company, but there is a big difference between satisfaction and loyalty (Kumar (2008). Loyalty is shown by the actions of the customer, who can be satisfied and still not be loyal. The satisfaction with the product is ultimately a condition for loyalty. In fact, satisfaction is necessary for loyalty but not sufficient. It is true that the satisfaction is not only based on the product and service but as well the relationship with the staff. Satisfaction towards the product concerns congenital attributes quality, features, design, durability, costly. Ultimately, the quality-price emerges as a global assessment. The service particular propositionally covers guaranteed delivery, solving problems and handling complaints. It introduced the relational brasss of accessibility, courtesy, competence and communication. Experience has shown that the first reason why customers leave a company with whom they do concern, is that they do not disembodied spirit that their needs are important to the company, and vice versa for the remaining loyal to the company for a long time, they feel valued and important. This perception and feeling to be considered is the emotional bridge between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Ghaury and Cateora 2006).Companies use a series of programs as relationship marketing, Database marketing, permission marketing or customer relationship management (CRM). Loyalty has a direct effect on sales of a company, and even better on its profits. However, the incrementd level of loyalty stems directly from the attitude and behaviour staff to clients. Motivation staff is the most powerful vector loyalty which itself contributes to profits. Meanwhile, business processes influence largely on how the staff be perplex with customers.It is in the interest of the company to develop a long-term relationship with clients where both parties benefit each other. It is much less represently for the company to keep its quick customers than to seek new ones. The scale of cust omer loyalty has 5 types of customers starting with leery A suspect is someone who comes across the companies promotion. They are a potential suspect for the company.Prospect If the person is interested in the promotion they become a potential prospect.Customers A customer is someone who purchases either the product or service.Clients Clients are those who come back to the company.Advocates Promotes the business on the companys behalf. They are so expert about the product/service that they tell others.(http//www.learnmarketing.net/ladder.htm Accessed on 02/08/2009)Marketing And Loyalty in that location are many definitions of marketing applying to loyalty programs. Several of them have focused these objectives in view of the value of the customer more profitable for the company. Today, programs and loyalty card are found everywhere on standard credit cards, restaurants, etc Loyalty programs are widespread in all sectors that deliver goods or services used. They rely on marketing d atabases built from information from the loyalty cards that key the client and record information about its behaviour. Their rules often refer to the use of methods from the traditional promotional techniques, encouraging consumers to increase and sustain their purchases in order to check a reward. In this context, they can be distinguished from the sales promotion of their defensive focus to longer term. The objective of the promotion is offensive, and when it stops, there is nothing that prevents consumers to come back to their old habits (Ehrenberg et al. 1994). In contrast, a loyalty program seeks to preserve market share by locking consumers through tangible benefits deferred (promotional techniques) or nonphysical (individualization, privileges, etc) and acts somewhat like a permanent promotion in the long term. The lastingness of a loyalty program thus depends on its characteristics and tangible benefits but also intangible, that is to say, the expected value of the poten tial relationship that is likely to generate and develop. The consumer joining a loyalty program seeks, in making their purchases at shopkeepers, obtaining dividends, gifts. The principal in investing in this program seeks to seduce and imprison the consumer. This method, better cutn as retention, is actually a rather simple technique by which the consumer is faced with the efforts invested in the bonus points and is losing everything in case of abandonment of the program. A loyalty program is a relationship between the customer and the merchant in which, technically, the 2 parties have benefits. In promoting their businesses, traders undertake several actions to attract customers. For the management of immediate rewards, they supply special discount store. By managing customer loyalty program, they offer rewards retard. In contrast to the sales promotion where earnings appear at the same time as the follow or effort, this ratio is reversed in the context of delayed rewards, si nce an individual essential first make an effort to more or less long term for earnings in the future.Investigations on human behaviour have shown that some individuals possess a strong motivation to engage in efforts leading to the award of future earnings (Atkinson 1957, Nicholls 1989). It is this aspect that loyalty programs appropriated in the construction of systems with delayed gratification the aim of managing the length of the relationship (retention) and discrimination. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-88). Curiously this strong motivation is akin to the quest for a reward. In other words, the effort is motivated by greed. round experts say that consumer motivation fades over time as more becomes aware that the bonus is spaced in time, the more likely he become discouraged with the efforts required for obtaining the reward. (Meyer-Waarden (2002), P 2-89) Thus, programs essential sanction consumers to obtain the benefits of the program while also locking in this program. To c ounter this behavioural aspect, 2 types of programs are offered proportional and landing. The first principle is to proportionately reward the best customers. The second system encourages them to consume more to pass around the next threshold points providing more benefits. Thus, it offers a minimum of points to small unprofitable consumers, maximum points for customers who are very profitable, and few points to very large consumers who buy anyway. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-89) rapaciousness is thus increased to obtain a value of gift supported by the consumers effort. The number of points necessary for obtaining a reward is related to the amount invested in the market by the consumer. By cons, consumer choice to join or not this kind of program that demonstrates the lure of gain accessible to long-term investment requires not only capital but also time. There are several types of loyalty programs. Some programs offer a specific product free later a number of agreed purchase ( coffee, compact disk, etc..) Or reductions applicable on each purchase while the issuers of credit cards offer privileges such as travel insurance and car insurance during a rental. Some cards also put up a percentage discount or getting even money. In practice the system of loyalty cards is simple. It is generally sufficient to consumers to use when buying the card issued or accepted by the merchant to toss for benefits. The card companies also offer credit to their customers bonus points programs. Unlike cards issued by participating merchants, using credit cards leads automatically, no matter where it is used, the assembly of points and can sometimes match the accumulation of these points to another program loyalty. It is important to mention the strategy department stores growing strongly consumers use their credit cards to earn double the points they would get by paying cash or get loyalty points better at the price of an interest rate up to 28.8%. More specifically, progra ms that offer frequent flyer points accumulated encourage consumers to use the card as often as possible when making purchases to earn points useable for every penny spent, which bequeath be redeemable against products or services available through a catalogue of premium or cons of coupons or discounts available with designated partners. (Benavent. Christopher. and Lars Meyer-Waarden. 2001. Loyalty Programs Strategies and Practices). Some loyalty card segment their customers by offering them the opportunity to pay an additional fee to join an enhanced program that offers them a better ratio spent pounds / points accumulated. The holders can be considered as incidental to their privileged relationship with the issuer of the card. From the outset, the consumer, by joining the loyalty program, provides data that feed the database of the publish company. Subsequently, all transactions for which the loyalty card is used by the consumer are stored in this database comes to prepare a re cord of its habits. The program relies on both the declarative, where the consumer fills out the questionnaire affiliation, but also on buying behaviour, thanks to its history. (Frenove, A.S. Hivet, N. Joly, P and Josquin, C. 2003. Topic The Ethics of supermarkets). The ultimate goal of these programs, in addition to customer retention is to chuck up the sponge traders to analyze the data collected in order to increase the value of the customers shopping cart.The Concept Of Customer Life Cycle And Types Of LoyaltyThe Concept Of Customer Life CycleOne of the key concepts of customer-oriented marketing is the life cycle dynamics of the customer, based on the idea that the flows of revenues and costs vary over time as requirements change in customer / business relations, contrary to the classical analysis and static demand. The first feature of the approach is that it is done individually and not aggregated, underscoring again the importance of marketing database, made possible thanks to the performance of information technology. Another interesting aspect is that the analysis is performed dynamically. The main idea is that the prospect of a client may occur more or less intense, and we can assume that it is forming a cycle. Practically, these cycles represent changes in purchasing power, but also modes, changing preferences, the phenomena of learning and forgetting. These cycles depend on several factors the first is age. During the aging characteristics of opinion trends, tastes and attitudes can occur. Aging is characterized by a higher loyalty, more conservative, more risk aversion. Another factor is the generation based on the assumption that successive generations have value systems and own beliefs relatively distinct from others. This generation effect partially covers the different types of experiences. This manifests itself in innovative behaviours that vary with the gap between innovation and generation. This management based on cycles of life is clea r to solve triad problems acquiring the customer, maintain, expand consumption and profitability. According to Dwyer, Schurr and Oh (1987), in the brain of relationship marketing, the life cycles of the relationship between a brand, product and a consumer have tercet distinct phases characterized by changes over time the amount used (1) initialization or acquisition, (2) maturation or development and (3) breaking.The beginning of the cycle is quite comprehendible and is in customer acquisition, with a time of discovery of the other as a potential partner. Both parties calculate the attraction of the relationship, the costs and benefits of continuing it. mark by the process of adoption and learning, this phase is characterized by a positive rate of consumption growth, but with high costs. In a second phase, presumptively the consumers level of consumption stabilizes after having fully explored the use of the service. The expectations of the relationship and its benefits are con firmed, which leads to a continuation trade and then the notion of commitment, which results in the ignorance of hawkish offers. Incomes of the company increase first and then level off as costs decrease. Finally, a third cycle is where a revival / reactivation, retention or detachment from the client must be considered because the contribution weakens. The decrease in sales of service may occur at any time or gradually, indicating a process of wear or a more brutal, reflecting the substitution phenomena. Indeed, the dissolution occurs when the unmet expectations of increased transaction costs, the weakening of the switching costs of changing needs. Both partners must make a trade off between the benefits and costs brought by the relationship to decide whether or not its continuation. Any company engaged in the marketing approach dynamic client needs to adapt its strategy according to these phases. Three types of strategies should be considered in terms of life cycles that matchTh e customer acquisition,The loyalty and customer retention,And the augmentation of customer loyalty which represent a palpable challenge.Abandonment is considered when the costs of retention are higher than income generated by the client. (Abandonment=Costs loyalty Income generated by the client). Once the company has determined the position of the life cycle by customer segment, it becomes clearly evident that this strategy must lead to an secern approach to lead to a balanced allocation of resources. The problem is that each individual has a different value each time t for the company, which requires division based on the potential and value of customers.Types Of LoyaltyCustomer loyalty is the result of well-managed customer retention programs. Before developing these successful programs, its important to know there are two types of loyalty behavioural loyalty and the emotional loyalty.Behavioural loyalty is the loyalty to a brand demonstrated by repeat sales and responses to m arketing campaigns by the customer. He behaves exactly like the company wants, by purchasing good or service. Behavioural loyaltys measures include response rate to direct marketing to the customer base. Emotional loyalty is the loyalty to a brand driven by favourable perceptions, opinions and giving recommendations. The customer feels empathy and attachment to a company or brand and he is willing to recommend it around him. It is better for the company if the customer has the both types of loyalty, but when its not the case specific strategies are developed to achieve both. (Chauffey, Chadwick, Mayer, Johnston (2006)).Benefits Of Efficient Customer Loyalty ManagementFirst, a loyal customer will continue its purchases over the years. Its purchase sight should also normally increase simply by economic growth and inflation. It should accept offers for complementary products and additional (Cross-Selling and Up-Selling). In any event, transaction costs should not increase proportionat ely. Consequently, they will decrease as a percentage of the cost and improve profitability (Kumar (2008)). Finally, a satisfied customer refers an average of 3 customers should in the best case follow the same progression. A study by the Harvard Business School published in the journal of the same name, shows an improvement in the percentage of loyal customers by 5% per year for 5 years to double, not sales, but profits.(CRM Odyssey Inc (2003)www.crmodyssey.com Accessed on the 09/08/2009Another benefit from customer loyalty is it creates allow to the company to protect its markets from competitors the more the customer is satisfied, the less he will be to buy to another product or service to the competitors. Automatically barriers are created against the competitors trying to enter in the market(s) (Ghaury and Cateora (2006)).Finally the word of mouth behaviour of loyal customer increase brand awareness. Customer share their positive feelings and experiences with their friends, fam ily or mates when they are loyal to the company or product. They still purchase to the company and recommend it to others. It means a reduction of advertising cost the money can be used to boost the word of mouth by making strategies to reward loyal customers.Reichheld goes even further in 1996 in his adjudge The effect of loyalty by writing the benefits of loyal customers are increasing over time and can recruit new consumers at reduced cost by using the legal Customer faithful because it is supposed to be a good speaker for the company. It also shows in his work as a loyal customer makes purchases more often, he tends to buy for a higher amount and is less sensitive to the variable price. He becomes a captive of the company and therefore gives a kind of barrier to entry for potential competitors. The work of the TARP (Technical Assistance Program Reseach) supports these observations. They show that winning a new customer returns four to volt times more expensive than keeping a c ustomer is already active. Jones and Sasser (Jones 1995) focused on the relationship satisfaction / loyalty and showed a sense of satisfaction may not necessarily result fidelity as a loyal customer may nevertheless want to take advantage of a promotion with another supplier, test another product or refer to another offer. By cons, they also show a sense of dissatisfaction may cause disloyalty if dissatisfaction is not taken into account by the company. These gains must obviously be taken with caution because they rely heavily on industries. There is however no doubt that customer retention can benefit a significant leverage effect on profitability. The main reasons are trim back costs for customer acquisition, the net margin updated on the life of the customer to cover these costsreduced management costs, a loyal customer knows the business better and less prone to use his front office to make purchases (reservations)effect of recommendationIncreased revenue per customerThe Cost Of Lost CustomersA defensive marketing is cheaper than an offensive marketing, which often requires a direct confrontation with the contention. The cost of keeping a customer is five times less than the cost of converting a prospect, and it can cost up to sixteen times more to achieve with the new customer, the profitability of a customer acquired. So its the rate of customer retention rate that is essential, and not the attraction. The company must carefully monitor the forswearing of customers and minimize the amplitude. There are four stagesDefine and measure retention. This may be the reuse of the services.Know the different reasons for discontinuation, and identify those which can be remedied.Estimate the lost profit per customer lost.Calculate how much it would reduce defections.favourablenessWe have already mentioned the theory of Reichheld and Sasser that a company can improve profitability by 25% to 85% by reducing its rate of defection by 5%. Thus, loyal customers are often more profitable than occasional customers. Specifically, in the service activities and the Business to Business, customers of a company tend to increase their purchase from the company as they know it and appreciate it better.A positive word of mouthIn many cases, loyal customers of a business will spontaneously promote to their surroundings, and become, through word of mouth, very effective recruiters because disinterested and credible. For all these reasons, the loyal customer service of a company is considered a real capital, called the customer capital.Retention and its challengesThis new focus puts the customer and his control in centre of our concerns. Given the incredible proliferation of professional works in the field, it seems essential to talk about strategic issues and objectives of retention, by reviewing customer orientation and loyalty policies to give a definition and a clear positioning of loyalty.The retention strategyLoyalty, recognized as indispensable goal of any customer relationship strategy, not confined to mere promotional programs Some rules must be respected.Rule 1 Be selective Customers do not all contribute equally to the profitability of the company. Therefore, retention should be selectively adapting any loyalty action from an analysis of customer value.Rule 2 Propose an attractive loyalty offer and truly innovative. The loyalty offers are numerous, but not all have the same impact. The company can arbitrate according to its objectives between different optionsImmediate benefits often focus on value and price (price preference )Privileges, providing intangible benefits to customers (priority systems, assistance )Rewards delayed in time, seeking to establish lasting relationships with customers the most profitable and likely to extend their relationship with the company.Whatever the choice of the selected offer, interest for customers is based on five attributes, determining its overall perceived valueThe perceived value of any premium or net worthAttractivenessAccessibility through timeThe freedom given to the customer in the choice of optionsSimplicity of the offer.Rule 3 Anticipating the costs The need to assess the costs in advance of any approach to loyalty is essential. Too often, a company focused on profits resulting from the proposed strategy, without taking into account the costs generated before and repeatedly. These costs may be related to both the growing number of customers affected, and ways and means of dealing with relationships with clients, sometimes completely new to the company.Rule 4 Consolidate and exploit customer information The challenges that the company have just highlighted described the need to build its strategy of strong customer loyalty for the company. Two main lines of action are considered The opportunity to integrate operational databases (sales / billing, marketing ) in a baseline. The interest of exploiting every opportunity to contact customers to gather information about them.This database will allow the tracking of the customer relationship over time, and identification of customer profiles profitable and unprofitable, which will determine the choice of targets to retain.Problems Linked To Customer LoyaltyDifficulties In MarketingObtaining a good efficiency requires a good understanding of customer behaviour and causes of abandonment. One must distinguish the causes of termination which are inevitable (and often unpredictable) from other, more or less predictable and can be combated.The causes are unavoidable, for example a change of personal or professional lifestyle, financial problems, demisePreventable causes are inadequate tariff, a history of poor service and complaints. The challenge is to build something, based on information often dispersed.In foreboding of the termination for inadequate tariff, must be able to say what was the invoice for each client if they had chosen the optimum rate? How much would he have saved? From what curr ent difference between invoice and optimum bill is there a risk?To anticipate the claims for termination, you must classify all types of call to customer service (there are easily hundreds) and identify those that increase the probability of termination.We must also take account of differences in behaviour related to age, family status, and place of residence and recover to the extent possible this information.Difficulties In ManagementRetention also poses problems of management, for example the coexistence of a culture of acquisition and a culture of loyaltyIn a young market, corporate culture is naturally directed towards the acquisition. This orientation manifests itself in several ways, for example, budgets are allocated primarily to sales, what is important here is the market share of sales. In these circumstances it is difficult to make a place to loyalty because it is cultural opposition on both fronts its budget is in competition with the acquisition, because what is impor tant here is the retention of customers and not flow of customers.Difficulties In The OrganizationWhen the market is young, the sales should be focused on conquering, the measure of the rate of effectiveness is still difficult, and loyalty is part of the Marketing. Then improving customer knowledge, customer service records terminations, understand the causes, loyalty becomes profitable and worthy of large budgets, customer service becomes legitimate to ensure loyalty.In consumer, all sale actions are public, as far as loyalty is confidential. Loyalty is indeed a clear competitive advantage. It allows to keep or to take market share in all discretion. Confidentiality is necessary for a second reason do not create negative behaviour on the part of customers, who know the rules of the game could benefit for future benefits. (Jean Baptiste COUMAU and Henri WIDMER, La Jaune et la Rouge,2002)Rejection Of CustomersThe approach of loyalty can lead to bias by virtue of its objectives there is concern that the benefits accorded to consumers more loyal to the product or service concerned and not the enterprise. There is a risk of great loss of power marketing consent. Moreover, the strong competition leads to a generalization of loyalty operations that can not only cause fatigue but also a rejection of the approach by customers. The multiplicity of material resources such as loyalty cards generalized in various companies in portfolios causes both a reaction to the trivialization of operation for the customer and a loss of power to the business on target. The implementation of a loyalty operation is tricky the company must choose carefully because the target must be loyal customers, those holders of profits. This targeting is difficult and requires the development of a database of well-informed. This base is also used to monitor quantitatively and qualitatively loyal customers. These are considerations of costs related to these investments in information that may be a limit. (Fotso Tagne Achille Rostand, La fidelisation client http//www.ougagner.fr/fidelisation.html Accessed on the 09/09/2009)Means And Factors Influencing LoyaltyFactors Influencing LoyaltyIf they are well structured and well implemented, customer loyalty programs cited above can bring measurable benefits to the company that would stand out positively of competition by reducing costs and in the same time increase its income. This situation is favoured byAttracting new customersA high retention rate of existing customers for a long periodIncreasing the frequency of visits by the existing customersIncreasing expenditure on new and existing customersMaking customers in good conditions so they feel appreciated and satisfied then they promote products or services through word of mouth around them.(Memberson (2008) http//www.memberson.com/Loyalty/CustomerLoyalty.aspx Accessed on 01/08/2009)Some factors are essential to create and maintain the Customer loyalty. Showing 6 success factors that make some companies

Ideology Of Mahatma Gandhi And Subhas Chandra History Essay

Ideology Of Mahatma Gandhi And Subhas Chandra History EssayIn January 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to his syndicateland after(prenominal) two decades of residence abroad. These years had been spent for the most(prenominal) purpose in confederation Africa, where he went as a lawyer, and in conviction became a leader of the Indian community in that territory. As the historian Chandran Devanesan has remarked, South Africa was the making of the Mahatma. It was in South Africa that Mahatma Gandhi first forged the distinctive techniques of nonviolent protest known as Satyagraha, first promoted harmony in the midst of religions, and alerted the ways of pep pillcaste Indians to their discriminatory treat custodyt of low castes and women. The India that Mahatma Gandhi saw when he came back in 1915 was rather different from the one that he had seen in 1893. Although still a colony of the British, it was far more than active in a political sense. The Indian National inter course now had branches in most major cities and towns. through and through the Swadeshi movement of 190507 it had greatly broadened its appeal among the middle classes. That movement had thrown up some towering leaders among them Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal, and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab. The three were known as Lal, Bal and Pal, the alliteration conveying the allIndia character of their struggle, since their native provinces were truly distant from one another. Where these leaders advocated militant opposition to colonial rule, there was a group of Moderates who best-loved a more gradual and persuasive approach. Among these Moderates were Gandhijis acknowledged political mentor, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, as well as Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who, like Gandhiji, was a lawyer of Gujarati extraction trained in London. On Gokhales advice, Gandhiji spent a year travelling around British India, getting to know the land and its people.1.1. The Making and Unma king of NoncooperationMahatma Gandhi spent much of the year 1917 in Champaran, seeking to obtain for the grouchs the security of tenure as well as the freedom to cultivate the crops of their choice. The following year, 1918, Gandhiji was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat. First, he intervened in a grind dispute in Ahmedabad, demanding better working conditions for the textile mill workers. Then he joined peasants in Kheda in asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of their harvest.These initiatives in Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda marked Gandhiji out as a matterist with a deep kind-heartedness for the poor. At the same time, these were all localised struggles. Then, in 1919, the colonial rulers delivered into Gandhijis lap an issue from which he could construct a much wider movement. During the Great War of 191418, the British had instituted censorship of the press and permitted detention without trial. Now, on the recommendation o f a committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlatt, these tough measures were continued. In response, Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign against the Rowlatt Act. In towns across North and West India, life came to a standstill, as shops shut down and schools closed in response to the bandh call. The protests were particularly intense in the Punjab, where many men had served on the British side in the War expecting to be rewarded for their service. Instead, they were detained on the Rowlatt Act and Gandhiji was arrested while proceeding to Punjab, even thought he was a large local Congressmen. The situation in the province grew progressively more tense, reaching a bloody climax in Amritsar in April 1919, when a British brigadier ordered his troops to open fire on a state of matteralist meeting. More than four hundred people were killed in what is known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It was the Rowlatt satyagraha that do Gandhiji a truly national leader. Emboldened by its succ ess, Gandhiji called for a campaign of noncooperation with British rule. Indians who wished colonialism to end were asked to stop attending schools, colleges and law courts, and not pay taxes. In total, they were asked to adhere to a renunciation of (all) voluntary association with the (British) Government. If non-cooperation was effectively carried out, remarked Gandhiji, India would win swaraj at heart a year. To broaden the struggle further, he had joined hands with the Khilafat social movement that sought to restore the Caliphate, a symbol of PanIslamism which had recently been abolished by the Turkish ruler Kemal Attaturk.1.2. Khilafat MovementGandhiji hoped that by coupling noncooperation with Khilafat, Indias two major unearthly communities, Hindus and Muslims, could collectively bring an end to the colonial rule. These movements certainly unleashed a surge of popular action that was al unitedly unprecedented in colonial India. Students stopped deprivation to schools and colleges run by the government. Lawyers refused to attend court and the working class went on strike in many towns and cities. According to official figures, there were 396 strikes in 1921, involving 600,000 workers and a loss of seven million work solar days. The countryside was seething with discontent too. Hill tribes in northern Andhra violated the forest laws. Farmers in Awadh did not pay taxes. Peasants in Kumaun refused to slobber loads for colonial officials. These protest movements were sometimes carried out in defiance of the local nationalist leadership. Peasants, workers, and others interpreted and acted upon the call to noncooperate with colonial rule in ways that best suited their interests, rather than conform to the dictates laid down from above. Noncooperation, wrote Mahatma Gandhis American biographer Louis Fischer, became the name of an epoch in the life of India and of Gandhiji. Noncooperation was negative enough to be peaceful but positive enough to be effectiv e. It entailed denial, renunciation, and selfdiscipline. It was training for selfrule. As a consequence of the NonCooperation Movement the British Raj was shaken to its very foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857.1.3. A Peoples LeaderBy 1922, Gandhiji had transformed Indian nationalism, thereby redeeming the promise he made in his BHU linguistic communication of February 1916. It was no longer a movement of professionals and intellectuals now, hundreds of thousands of peasants, workers and artisans also participated in it. Many of them venerated Gandhiji, referring to him as their Mahatma. They appreciated the fact that he dressed like them, lived like them, and rundle their language. Unlike other leaders he did not stand apart from the common folk, but empathised and even identified with them.1.4. The Salt SatyagrahaFor several years after the Noncooperation Movement ended, Mahatma Gandhi focused on his social reform work. In 1928, however, he began to think of r eentering politics. That year there was an allIndia campaign in opposition to the allWhite Simon Commission, sent from England to enquire into conditions in the colony. Gandhiji did not himself participate in this movement, though he gave his blessings, but, he also performed a peasant satyagraha in Bardoli in the same year. In the end of December 1929, the Congress held its annual session in the city of Lahore. The meeting was significant for two things the option of Jawaharlal Nehru as President, signifying the passing of the baton of leadership to the younger generation and the proclamation of commitment to Purna Swaraj, or complete independence. Now the pace of politics picked up at once more. On 26 January 1930, Independence Day was observed, with the national flag being hoisted in different venues, with patriotic songs being sung. Gandhiji himself issued precise instructions as to how the day should be observed. It would be good, he said, if the declaration of Independence i s made by whole villages, whole cities even It would be well if all the meetings were held at the identical present moment in all the places.1.5. DandiSoon after the observance of this Independence Day, Mahatma Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break one of the most wide disliked laws in British India, which gave the state a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. His picking on the salt monopoly was another illustration of Gandhijis tactical wisdom. For in every Indian household, salt was indispensable yet people were forbidden from making salt even for domestic use, compelling them to buy it from shops at a high price. The state monopoly over salt was deeply unpopular by making it his target, Gandhiji hoped to mobilise a wider discontent against British rule.As with Noncooperation, apart from the formally sanctioned nationalist campaign, there were numerous other streams of protest. Across large parts of India, peasants breached the hated colonial forest laws that kept them and their cattle out of the timber in which they had once roamed freely. In some towns, factory workers went on strike while lawyers boycotted British courts and students refused to attend governmentrun educational institutions. As in 192022, Gandhijis new call had encouraged Indians of all classes to manifest their own discontent with the colonial rule. The rulers responded by detaining the dissenters. In the wake of the Salt March, nearly 60,000 Indians were arrested, among them, of course, Gandhiji himself.1.6. release IndiaQuit India was genuinely a mass movement, bringing into its ambit hundreds of thousands of ordinary Indians. It especially energized the young who, in very large numbers, left their colleges to go to jail. However, while the Congress leaders languished in jail, Jinnah and his colleagues in the Muslim coalition worked patiently at expanding their influence. It was in these years that the League began to make a mark in the Punjab and Sind, prov inces where it had previously had scarcely any presence. In June 1944, with the end of the war in sight, Gandhiji was released from prison. Later that year he held a series of meetings with Jinnah, seeking to bridge the gap between the Congress and the League. In 1945, a Labour government came to power in Britain and committed itself to granting independence to India. Meanwhile, back in India, the Viceroy, Lord Wavell, brought the Congress and the League together for a series of talks. Early in 1946 fresh elections were held to the provincial legislatures. The Congress swept the General category, but in the seats specifically reserved for Muslims the League won an overwhelming majority. The political polarization was just complete.2. Subhas Chandra Boses Ideology2.1. Women EqualitySubhas Chandra Bose imbibed the ideals of his political mentor, Deshabandhu Chitta Ranjan and spiritual mentor, Swami Vivekananda in regard to female education and female independence and used to cite th e examples of noble and scholarly women of ancient India like Maitreyee, Gargee, Khana and Lilabatee. Bose wanted that women should be given a very elevated position in the family and society, and believed in female emancipation in the true sense of the term and in liberating women from all shackles and artificial disabilities social, stinting and political. According to him, in the Free India, there must not be any discrimination on the grounds of caste, race, sex, creed or wealth.The glorified role played by women in the Indian national struggle, especially during the Civil Disobedience Movement with undaunted bravery and exemplary spirit of sacrifice, shaped his attitude towards women. The love and affection and help he legitimate from few women, especially his own mother Prabhabati Devi, C.R. Dass ideal consort Basanti Devi and Sarat Chandra Boses wife Bibhabati Devi had enormous influence in shaping his views about women.Subhas Chandra Bose rightly diagnosed that illiteracy and economic dependence were the root cause of serfdom of women. Bose spoke firmly in privilege of removing all obstacles in the way of womens emancipation. He spoke in favour of all-round education for women for which he formulated a recipe which included literacy, physical and vocational education or training on light cottage Industries. He was a supporter of widow remarriage and abolition of Purdah system.2.2. Unique Political IdeologyThe political philosophy of Subhas Chandra Bose requires an enunciation and analysis from the angles of his spiritualistic, nationalistic, secularistic, democratic and collectivised characteristics.Spiritualistic CharacteristicsA spiritual approach of his life was originally initiated under the influence of his deeply religious p bents. Subsequently, his searching mind, right from his school days could look out the meaning, significance and objectives of human life when he came in contact with the teachings, writings and philosophy of Ramkrishna Paramahansa, Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo Ghose.Nationalistic CharacteristicsSubhas Chandra Boses father was a government pleader and earthly concern Prosecutor and became a member of the Bengal Legislative Council and earned the title of Rai Bahadur, but he resigned from the said post and renounced the title of Rai Bahadur as a protest against the repressing policies of the British Government.Secularistic CharacteristicsBose believed that secularism is not irreligion or atheism but tolerance of each-others faith, mutual accommodation and peaceful co-existence. It involves spiritual consciousness and establishment of contact with the divine. Subhass philosophy of nationalism acquired a spiritual tenor under the influence of his parents, Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and Aurobindo.Socialistic CharacteristicsIn his Free India, Subhas Chandra Bose had the aim of creating an egalitarian society in which all members would ravish almost equal economic benefits and social status, and there would not be any distinction between man and man on account of possibility of birth, parentage, caste and creed.Democratic CharacteristicsSubhas Chandra Bose developed an ethical approach to life based on sacrifice, renunciation, self-abnegation and self sacrifice which is in a way the subject matter of a democratic way of life. These ethical and spiritual ideals contributed to his formulation of a political philosophy in consistence with Indian culture and civilisation. The big mutual family taught him love, generosity, kindness, patience, tolerance, co-operation and sympathy, the very ingredients of democracy.2.3. Economic ViewAccording to Subhas, liberty broadly signified political, economic and social freedom. For him economic freedom was the essence of social and political freedom. Subhas Chandra Bose courageously fought for Indias independence but this independence was also an economic destiny for him. He said, The problem of giving bread to our starving millions t he problem of clothing and educating them the problem of improve the health and physique of the nation all these problems cannot be solved so long as India remains in bondage. To think of economic improvement and industrial development before India is free politically is to put the cart before the horse. According to him the appalling poverty, high incident of unemployment and low standard of living were collect to the foreign domination. In view of all this he desired economic reconstruction and industrialization on fresh scientific and technological methods.Subhas Chandra Bose said, The moment India is free, the most important problem will be the organizing of our national defence in order to safeguard our freedom in the future. For that we shall have to build up modern war industries so that, we may produce the arms that we shall need for self-defence. This will mean a very big programme of industrialization. He felt the necessity of modernizing the backward agriculture whic h in turn would aggravate the problem of disguised unemployment and to remedy this development of industry would be indispensable to absorb the surplus labour from agriculture. He was much impressed by the exemplary success attained by the U.S.S.R. in effecting economic development through rapid industrialization within a very short period of time, and became a staunch protagonist for similar forced march like Soviet Union and not a gradual one as in Great Britain. Subhas Chandra Bose classified industries into three categories, namely Large- Scale or Heavy Industries, Medium-Scale and Cottage Industries. According to him, heavy industries are important for rapid economic development. In the category of Large-Scale Industries, mother industries produce the means of production or make other industries run successfully and these are metals, heavy chemicals, machinery and tools, and communication industries like railways, telegraph, telephone and radio. He was very much in favour of la rge-scale industries but at the same time he never lost sight of cottage and small industries in an underdeveloped country like India.3. Comparison between Mahatma Gandhi Bose IdeologyBoth Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi were infallibly use to the cause of Indian freedom. They were loved by the masses and feared by the Raj. But between themselves, these two icons of Indias freedom movement shared a rather dapper relationship and history is replete with instances of trenchant differences between them.Although Subhas Chandra was a follower of Gandhi during the initial days, the later part of the 1930s witnessed a growing radicalization of his thoughts and Bose became increasingly cross with the lack of momentum in the independence movement. As Bose started to assert his bold stance in various party forums, it led to a polarization in the Congress party ranks.Bose found himself frequently at loggerheads with Gandhi and their differences often came out in the public. A ll these bickering reached a climax when Subhas Chandra Bose became Congress President for a second term in 1939 defeating Gandhi-nominated candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Unable to hide his displeasure, Mahatma commented Subhas victory is my defeat. But this unhealthy environment within the party made Boses tasks all the more difficult and soon he resigned from his post.Subhas Chandra Bose and Gandhi also disagreed over their visions for the post-Independence Indian state. Bose was influenced by the success of the five-year plans in the Soviet Union and he advocated for a socialist nation with an industrialized economy. Gandhi was opposed to the very concept of industrialization.In spite of all the differences in ideologies, both these great men admired and respected each other. In 1942 Gandhi called Subhash Bose the Prince among the Patriots for his great love for the country. Bose too admired Gandhi and in a radio broadcast from Rangoon in 1944, he called Mahatma Gandhi The Fathe r of Our Nation.

What Is The Digital Divide?

What Is The Digital some(prenominal)ize?One of the worlds most serious problems is the always increasing gap between the rich and the worthless. A small percentage of the worlds population enjoys luxuries while globular poverty seems to be increasing. A key reflexion of this differentiate is the digital divide where a large difference in terms of access to attainment communication technology. Throughout underdeveloped states in Africa, Asia and Latin America access to much(prenominal) technology is limited whereas in positive nations members enjoy the convenience provided by such technology and is more efficient and potent through workout of such technology and also takes advantage of the knowledgeal opportunities made available by ICT (Tiene, 2002).The concept of the digital divide washbasin be explained from two perspectives (1) the distance between countries who withdraw access to electronic information and those that do not, (2) the difference in internet literac y between citizens of ontogeny and developed nation (Brooks, Donovan, Rumble, 2005). (http//www.ebscohost.com/uploads/imported/thisTopic-dbTopic-873.pdf) The second scenario is often considered as a direct dissolvent of the former where the deprivation of infrastructure made available does not create an purlieu suitable to encourage a higher literacy rate of usage of the internet. The digital divide refers mainly to the division between the information rich and the information poor and is also used to divide the globe geographically similar to the NorthSouth dichotomy (Gudmonsdottir, 2005). The difference in the divide can be attributed to 5 factors, socioeconomic, geographical, educational, attitudinal and generational factors. teaching Communication Technology (ICT) has played a major role in the 21st century. However, usage of such technology remains poles apart when comp atomic number 18d between growing and developed nations. The term digital divide is used to describe s ituations where there argon gaps in the market in terms of access to the use of ICT devices (Singh, 2012). The mensuration of the digital divide is not limited to access of the internet and mea positive(predicate)s other gaps such as access to mobile technology and other forms of communicative technology. fit in to OECD (2001), the term digital divide refers to the gap between individuals, households, business and geographic argonas at the different socio-economic levels with regard to their opportunities to access of ICTs and their use of the internet. It reflects the differences between and within countries. For the drive of this paper, it will examine the digital divide using the concept of the necessitates (represented by developed countries) and have nots ( exploitation nations) along with the key assumptions as to how the digital divide determines the future(a) of class, education and economic capacity with long-term and social political consequences. The paper will furth er examine the efforts made by global agencies and the policies that they have developed to overcome this divide and examines the level of success of these policies.The digital divide exists between countries with different levels of progress and even within the country between urban and boorish aras (ITU, 2002). It is a result of the disparities of society and is likened to the divides created by income, health and education. The primary reason for the disparity is poverty where when a countrys citizens have less m whizy it is less probable that they would use ICT (Figure 3). Difference in access to ICT has created a difference in the measure of power in society with the digital divide reflecting how power is be distributed. The digital divide in reference to figures 1 and 2, can be seen that developed nations are among those with the highest internet penetration boasting penetration of over 60%. Developing nations represent the lower half in terms of internet penetration and d o not even have a .25% penetration among the 10 countries with the lowest internet penetration. Internet usage among those countries is largely associated with the more developed cities and usage of internet in rural areas is almost unheard of. Recent efforts by organizations have sh knowledge evidence that the digital divide is shrinking. Developing nations have been able to increase the number of internet users by 2% in 1991 to 23% in2001. However, advancements in technology has led to a impudent form of digital divide where shifts have been made from basic to advanced communciations. This is harder to measure as it measures the quality of ICT used. For example, international internet bandwidth is a good measure of users experiences as the greater the bandwidth the quicker the response time improving efficiency. Comparisons between developed and developing nations can be illustrated where the 400,000 citizens in Luxembourg have more international internet bandwidth compared to A fricas 760 million citizens. The highspeed internet access made available in developed nations appropriates internet users to improve quality access and allows them access to more advanced sites that allow video streaming rather than basic usage like checking emails.Impact of the Digital DivideThe digital divide and its conflict on developing nations economies is that of a spiral where they do not have the economic system to tin the infrastructure necessary to allow developing nations to utilize technology to level the competitive advantages with developed nations. Primary concerns among developing nations is that poor countries have more pressing concerns such as instruction on food, healthcare and basic needs of the throng rather than focusing on technological advancement (http//www.masternewmedia.org/news/2007/01/27/the_digital_divide_issues_and.htm). As a result of this, developing nations lack the capabilities of establishing the infrastructure necessary to allow their n ations to have wide enough coverage to be effective. This puts their country in a position where they schools are inefficient to teach IT skills necessary in more industrialized industries which would help move a country beyond an agricultural themed economy. Also, it puts students from these schools at a hurt as they are unable to take advantage of the vast amounts of information available on the web. In comparison, developed nations have the ability to recruit highly trained individuals who are equipped which enables them to produce more giving the country a higher economic growth. Also, countries that lack the IT infrastructure will be unable to carry out e-commerce or e-businesses putting themselves at a disadvantage in the global market. With e-commerce representing 12% of retail sales in the United States, it indicates the impact of technology in the market. It also helps improve overall growth of an economy by reducing woos of some processes such as the elimination of the brick and mortar stores, ease of advertising, reducing search costs and improving efficiency of doing business. Also, access to mobile technology has a significant impact on economies of developed and developing countries. In developing countries the impact is more pronounced as in Wavermans model a developing country an increase of 10 mobile phones per century plurality helps boost the GDP growth by .6 percentage points. To illustrate this, in Bangladesh, farmers and fishermen use these mobile phones as a nitty-gritty of identifying the best prices they can get for their goods. Small businesses can use mobile phones as a means to shop around for products. Use of technology in this manner reduces deed costs, b highwayens trade networks and helps reduce the need for transportation and broadens the trade network (http//www.economist.com/node/3742817?story_id=3742817). However, as developing nations do not have the infrastructure in derriere to allow broad usage of such technology, it reduces the production capability of the individuals in their country reducing their competitiveness on the global scale.One of the most most-valuable effects of the digital divide is the impact it has on educational efforts in developing nations. With the use of digital technology, it grants access for students to large amounts of information provoking thoughts in dynamic ways and encourages them to work more efficiently. Without access to ICT, developing nations face the possibility of being unable to keep up with their peers. The United Nations Development programme in its Human Development overlay for 2001, noted that the technology divide is consistent with the trend of following the income divide across the globe. A lack of education in ICT puts citizens of a developing nation in a weaker position of benefitting from new technologies reinforcing the economic disparities between the rich and poor (Henry, 2012).The digital divide in the societal sense can be likened to e vents in the past, similar to the industrial revolution. Taking a look at the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it can be observed that with the industrialization it enabled international competitiveness and economic benefits which in turn led to Japan being able to compete on a global scale. Introducing industrialization has led Japan to become a globally recognized force in the world with great technological advancement in manufacturing and information technology. In comparison however, nations who have yet to adopt industrialization can see their GDP per capita and living standards at rate considerably lower compared to Japan. ICT adoption of nations in the developed world is considerably greater in comparison to developing nations as they have better access in terms of resources and have the be infrastructure to support it. ICT adoption in terms of the digital divide can create a parallel collapse to an even greater degree in comparison with the industrial revolution. The ICT revolu tion creates barriers such as access to information, restructuring society and creating horizontal networks divided by access to information technology. Differences in the scale of technology adoption restructures society by altering class structure to create a new degree of equality in the electric potential it gives to access to common knowledge via technology such as the internet. Limited adoption of ICT by developing countries further exasperates the divide as it creates a new class system of access. It creates a division of the haves and have nots. The divide could lead to unemployment in more advanced industries which adopt technology as new skills are required and could lead on through generations if members of society are not trained. This could force members of developing nations to focus on primary industries such as cultivation and mining which would lead to such nations being left behind in terms of competitiveness in other industries.United Nations (2001) Human Develo pment Report New Technologies and the Global Race for Knowledge Chapter 2, pp.57-75.Gudmunsdottir, C. (2005). Approaching the digital divide in South Africa. NETREED Conference. Retrieved 22nd September 2012. From http//www.netreed.uio.no/conferences/conf2005/GretaGudmundsdottir.pdfudmundsdottir.pdfVenkat, K. (2002) Delving into the Digital Divide IEEE Spectrum, Volume 39, distinguish 2, February, p.14. Retrieved 22nd September 2012. From http//www.cleanmetrics.com/pages/IEEESpectrum-02-2002.pdfHenry, L. (2012). The Digital Divide, Economic Growth and Potential Poverty Reduction The Case of the English Speaking Caribbean. University of West Indies, St Augustine. Retrieved 22nd September 2012. From http//www.caribank.org/uploads/publications-reports/ look into/conference-papers/development-strategy-forum/The%20Case%20of%20the%20English-speaking%20Caribbean.pdfPea-Lpez, I. (2003) Want bad news? ITU Digital Access Index populations First Global ICT Ranking In ICTlogy, 3, December 20 03. Barcelona ICTlogy. Retrieved 22nd September 2012 from http//ictlogy.net/review/?p=38Source OECD Communications Outlook 2011 www.oecd.org/sti/telecom/outlookBridging the Digital DivideThis section of the paper examines the causes of the digital divide and the efforts put forward by organizations towards bridging the gap. The alliance between ICT and lifelong tuition and policies and objectives by governments towards improving the economic competitiveness and reducing the social exclusion are complex. The figure below illustrates the complexity and the road towards bridging the digital divide. Policies made by governments and organizations have to support both competitiveness and inclusion and also at the same time use digital technologies to support lifelong learning. By creating the center of the diagram larger, the digital divide can be overcome with the right policy objectives. The following will identify the objectives necessary to be met in order to bridge the divide.http //www.oecd.org/site/schoolingfortomorrowknowledgebase/themes/ict/41232069.jpgGuide to Bridging the Digital DivideSourced from Mcnair, 2000An important objective is to secure access for all to ICT as one of the major causes of the digital divide is the difference between the technologically advanced and technologically poor nations (Mcnair, 2000). A good indicator of the level of the digital divide is the number of access lines and access paths per 100 inhabitants. As the graph below indicates the total communication paths in OECD countries has steadily increased over the years however, it is mute not evenly distributed as the highest ratios of access paths are mollify being held by developed nations. The digital divide is even deeper for internet access with China, Taipei, Singapore, Hong Kong and Israel bill for 52% of all internet hosts outside the OECD and Argentina, Brazil, Malaysia and South Africa representing a further 24%. This indicates that there is the distribution eve n among developing nations is skewed such that close to 76% of internet hosts outside the OECD nations are in 9 countries (OECD, 2001). A solution to this issue is to consider liberalizing the telecommunications market. The liberalization of telecommunications services helps improve the competition forcing existing firms to improve on their service quality it will lead to price reductions, better service coverage and improve access to ICT (OECD, 2001). As the affordability of access to ICTs reduce, it encourages usage of ICTs (Pena-Lopez, 2003). In Europe for example, it can be observed that with liberalization, the average cost of telephone charges continue to decline. The average price for bundle services degenerateped by 32% after liberalization of the telecommunications industry in Europe in 1998. Similar circumstances occur with bandwidth prices in Europe where competition and a rapid drop in bandwidth prices occurred as can be observed in the figure below. The increased comp etition on a global scale has led to several key factors in addressing the digital divide (1) Computing costs have steadily decreased and capacity is increasing in a variety of devices to prices where umpteen users can afford. (2) Competition among technology firms has led to improvements in technology such as the new wireless protocols which are able to overcome technical and financial problems when expanding into rural communities in developing nations. (Smyth, 2006) (http//www.intel.com/it/pdf/wireless-technologies-and-e-learning-bridging-the-digital-divide.pdf)Source OECD Communications Outlook 2011Developing infrastructure necessary to facilitate the usage of ICT is also crucial in bridging the digital divide. The responsibilities of this however falls on, local governments, private institutions and also international organizations with the technological expertise in helping facilitate the construction of the infrastructure. Among the key projects which have been launched is the optical fibre network being deployed throughout South and East Africa. As part of a project by national and cellphone operators, national research and education networks are emerging in African countries as part of a consortia to link their major institutions by purchasing internet bandwidth. This project SANREN, is being funded by the Meraka institute as well as the tertiary education network to create a broadband system for its higher education and research institutes. The project aims to be the Geant of Africa and is expected to be at least 1,000 times faster than the current infrastructure made available. The Eastern Africa Submarine Cable dodging (EASSy) is another initiative considered to be a milestone in the region. The objective of which is to connect the countries of Eastern Africa with the rest of the world via an optical cabling system. This allows countries in the region to no longer rely on expensive satellite systems as a means for connectivity. This project is being funded by the Developmental Bank of Southern Africa and the World Bank. (http//www.saao.ac.za/fileadmin/files/Publications/Quest_Digital_Divide.pdf) Having the infrastructure in place helps increase access paths reducing the barriers to access to ICTs.Another key would be using education as a means to bridge the digital divide. Disparities in the level of education explain 9.9-14.4% in computer penetration gaps with the average number of years of school in the sub-Saharan region of Africa being 3.7 years and 8.3 years in Europe and Central Asia. In comparison, the average years of schooling in the United States is 12.1 years. Having computers requires a original degree of education to be used therefore countries with low levels of human capital have limited demand for computers(http//cgirs.ucsc.edu/publications/wp/wp2004-3.pdf) (Caselli and Coleman (2001) and Pohjola (2003)). It is imperative therefore that for organizations to create a learning economy within developing nat ions where individuals, firms and countries will be able to create wealth in proportion to their capacity to learn and share. Creating a learning economy places emphasis on life-long learning to foster dissemination, circles of discovery and an emergence of shared understandings. The World Bank has implemented several measures to help develop developing nations towards a knowledge economy http//www.worldbank.org/education/digitaldivide/DD_EXT.pdf. The Human Development Network (HDN) provides knowledge management, training resources and technical assistance for developing countries in areas such as education and the use of technology for educational purposes. It has also developed a program that provides training for teaching staff and students in developing countries known as the Developmental program. Another initiative by the World Bank is setting up Global withdrawnness Learning Centers which aim to provide tailored learning programs and state of the art facilities for internet- based learning (http//gdln.org/about). The Bank has also developed financing instruments for education based programs. The number of education technology activities increased by 20 and 90% in 1997 and 1999. 1/3 of this financing went towards developing nations in Latin America and the Caribbean.Building on the initiatives taken, the World Bank has set up a specific task force with the aim of bridging the digital divide through education. The objective of the task force is to assist developing countries in developing strategies with regards to technology in education. The task force is also assigned to promote projects that help address key issues in terms of education such as quality and increased access to ICT. This task force will work hand in hand with another division of the World Bank, the Global Distance Education Network which has similar goals in reducing the digital divide. By providing its expertise in these areas and helping set up a proper office guide as to how to impr ove education, it creates better environments to educate citizens of developing nations. The higher the level of education, the higher the demand for computers resulting in better usage of ICTs in these developing nations (Fairlie, 2003). These initiatives also help educate citizens of developing nations and trains up a workforce able to develop, maintain and provide value-added products and services required by the knowledge economy which will in turn help improve the countries competitive capabilities (Hudson, 2000)_(http//mitpress.mit.edu/books/BRYUH/12.hudson.pdf).Examining the digital divide, it can be observed that the digital divide is getting smaller, however it is however not equal across all borders. Certain developing nations still face more pressing issues such as fulfilling basic needs of their people particularly in countries with the lowest digital access index such as Niger, Mali and Chad. Political turmoil in these countries make it difficult for international orga nizations such as the World Bank to assist in narrowing the digital divide. Progress can definitely be seen as some key points are examined. In 2010 there were approximately 2 billion internet users worldwide having doubled from 1 billion in 2005 with China leading the charge at 418.9 million. Information based development in China has exceeded the worlds average level as a result of its initiatives in bridging the divide.Lack of access to ICT leads to a lack of education, wealth and income, in turn leading to lack of access to ICT infrastructure and services and so continues the digital divide. Several socio-economic groups, especially within the developed world, have benefited enormously from the innovative creations of the ICT industry, not least in the arenas of learning and collaboration. By sharing this experience and expanding the key uses of ICT in education to other groups within our own society and in the developing world we can kick-start the beginning of the end for the digital divide. To date, communications equipment has been expensive and requires good infrastructure to be in place. arcadian communities and developing countries often do not have either the necessary infrastructure or the available funding to put such infrastructure in place. With the advent of the new wireless technologies, there is an unprecedented opportunity to remedy this situation at a fraction of the cost, and in a fraction of the time, that would previously have been required.The digital divide must then be fought on at least two battlefields economy and education. Regarding the possibility to allow more people to be able to afford a computer or a mobile phone, a good accomplishment is represented by the fact that the cost of digital technologies lowers year after year. The UN are currently helping eliminating the digital divide in developing countries by promoting international initiatives, and also private institutions are contributing with ideas such as the One Lapto p Per Child project.On the other hand, there is still a lot to do to make sure everyone can properly use digital technologies for example, the Internet which is the expression of the new media world is still not completely accessible and interactive to most of its users. start with web design, a big accomplishment would represent a more distributed adoption of the W3C accessibility guidelines, let alone the use of a writing room that is based on simple grammar and makes content easily searchable and readable.The major issue, however, remains the lack of education that influences many people and does not allow them to access definite information sources that are only reachable via digital technologies. In this case, the progressive spread of mobile phones and the expansion of mobile networks (as stated in a young report by Word Bank) might certainly represent a significant improvement in the lives of all those individuals whose access to the digital era is still denied.Link htt p//www.masternewmedia.org/news/2007/01/27/the_digital_divide_issues_and.htmixzz28RyJWlzR

Analysis of Percy Jackson and the Olympians Essay -- Character, Greek

The fact that Percy capital of Mississippi has friends is incredible. Its an unshakable fact that any friend of his within a ten cubic centimetre radius will be in a life or death situation with him by dinner, and they arent always so lucky as him. But thats getting ahead of ourselves. Over the course of the five-part contemporary young adult series Percy Jackson & The Olympians, titular character Percy Jackson mustiness embrace his Greek God parentage and save Olympus with the help of his fellow demigods. The aim of this paper is to discuss his Heros Journey throughout the series, put forward an in depth character analysis, and draw parallels between Percy and the three classic Greek heroes of mythology Perseus, Theseus, and Hercules. The first novel of the series, Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief , is where Percys Heros Journey begins, encompassing the first five stages. The Ordinary World, the first stage, is the introduction of the main hero. The hero, uneasy, uncomfortab le or unaware, is introduced sympathetically so the audience can make out with the situation or dilemma (Campbell). Percy Jackson, a twelve year old diagnosed with both dyslexia and ADHD living in New York with his loving, over-worked mother and abusive stepfather, begins his accounting attending a boarding school for troubled youth and having a less than spectacular time being the new kid. Despite his good intentions of protect his only friend Grover from a bully, Percy gets in trouble at school and is pulled aside by one of his teachers, whom is revealed to be the Fury Alecto, one of Hadess servants in disguise. It is at this point in the story in which the second stage, The Call to Adventure, comes into play. Percy defeats the Fury with the help of a centaur named Chiron, t... ...Journey and examine the heroic parallels between Percy Jackson and the great Greek heroes Perseus, Theseus, and Hercules through a timeless lense. Works CitedCampbell, Joseph. The Heros Journey Outlin e. Heros Journey. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. .Eliade, Mircea. In Search of Cupid and Psyche Chapter Two. In Search of Cupid and Psyche Chapter Two. harper & Row, 1 Jan. 1963. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. .Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson & The Olympians. Neu bearb. Ausg. ed. Hamburg Hyperion, Print.Wistrom, Elizabeth . Percy Jackson Character Analysis. Bright Hub Education. N.p., 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. .

Culture Of India :: essays research papers fc

Nearly one sixth of all the human beings on primer live in India, the worlds most populous democracy. Officially titled the res publica of India, its 1,269,413 sq. mi. lie in South Asia, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent, bordered by Pakistan (W) China, Nepal, and Bhutan (N) and Myanmar (E) and Bangladesh forms an enclave in the NE. Its borders encompass a vast variety of peoples, practicing most of the worlds major religions, speech scores of different languages, divided into thousands of socially exclusive castes, and combining the physical traits of several(prenominal) major racial groups (Comptons). The modern nation of India (also known by its antiquated Hindi name, Bharat) is smaller than the Indian Empire formerly ruled by Britain. Burma (now Myanmar), a mainly Buddhist country lying to the east, was administratively detached from India in 1937. Ten years later, when Britain granted independence to the peoples of the Indian subcontinent, two regions with Muslim ma jorities--a commodious one in the northwest (West Pakistan) and a smaller one in the northeast (East Pakistan)--were partitioned from the predominantly Hindu atomic number 18as and became the separate nation of Pakistan. East Pakistan broke out-of-door from Pakistan in 1971 to form the independent nation of Bangladesh. Also bordering India on its coarse northern frontier are the Peoples Republic of China and the relatively small kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan. The island republic of Sri Lanka lies just off Indias southern tip (New World Encyclopedia).Much of Indias area of almost 1.3 million square miles (3.3 million square kilometers--including the Pakistani-held part of Jammu and Kashmir) is a peninsula jutting into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea on the west and the request of Bengal on the east. There are trey distinct physiographic regions. In the north the high peaks of the Himalayas lie partly in India but mostly just beyond its borders in Nepal, Bhutan, and T ibet. South of the mountains, the low-lying Indo-Gangetic Plain, shared with Pakistan and Bangladesh, extends more(prenominal) than 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the Arabian Sea to the alcove of Bengal (Comptons). Finally, the peninsular tableland, largely the Deccan, together with its adjacent coastal plains, makes up more than half of the nations area. In general, Indias climate is governed by the monsoon, or seasonal, rain-bearing wind. Most of the country has three seasons hot, wet, and cool. During the hot season, which usually lasts from early March to mid-June, very high temperatures are accompanied by intermittent winds and occasional dust storms (Concise).Culture Of India essays research papers fc Nearly one sixth of all the human beings on Earth live in India, the worlds most populous democracy. Officially titled the Republic of India, its 1,269,413 sq. mi. lie in South Asia, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent, bordered by Pakistan (W) China, Nepal, and Bhutan (N) and Myanmar (E) and Bangladesh forms an enclave in the NE. Its borders encompass a vast variety of peoples, practicing most of the worlds major religions, speaking scores of different languages, divided into thousands of socially exclusive castes, and combining the physical traits of several major racial groups (Comptons). The modern nation of India (also known by its ancient Hindi name, Bharat) is smaller than the Indian Empire formerly ruled by Britain. Burma (now Myanmar), a mainly Buddhist country lying to the east, was administratively detached from India in 1937. Ten years later, when Britain granted independence to the peoples of the Indian subcontinent, two regions with Muslim majorities--a large one in the northwest (West Pakistan) and a smaller one in the northeast (East Pakistan)--were partitioned from the predominantly Hindu areas and became the separate nation of Pakistan. East Pakistan broke away from Pakistan in 1971 to form the independent nation of Bangla desh. Also bordering India on its long northern frontier are the Peoples Republic of China and the relatively small kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan. The island republic of Sri Lanka lies just off Indias southern tip (New World Encyclopedia).Much of Indias area of almost 1.3 million square miles (3.3 million square kilometers--including the Pakistani-held part of Jammu and Kashmir) is a peninsula jutting into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east. There are three distinct physiographic regions. In the north the high peaks of the Himalayas lie partly in India but mostly just beyond its borders in Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. South of the mountains, the low-lying Indo-Gangetic Plain, shared with Pakistan and Bangladesh, extends more than 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal (Comptons). Finally, the peninsular tableland, largely the Deccan, together with its adjacent coastal plains, makes up more than half of the nations area. In general, Indias climate is governed by the monsoon, or seasonal, rain-bearing wind. Most of the country has three seasons hot, wet, and cool. During the hot season, which usually lasts from early March to mid-June, very high temperatures are accompanied by intermittent winds and occasional dust storms (Concise).